Mushrooms are being hailed as a miracle cure for cancer. But can a shiitake stir-fry really work wonders?
From left: shiitake, reishi and maitake mushrooms. Photograph: Getty/Alamy
Behold the mighty mushroom. Neither plant nor animal, the
mysterious fungus is a class, or kingdom, of its own, and has fascinated
cultures around the world for centuries. But while they do make a tasty
omelette filling, does the real magic of mushrooms lie not in their
flavour, but in their potential to combat one of our biggest killers – cancer?
The
ancient Egyptians believed eating mushrooms brought long life. While
their scientific method was perhaps not entirely sound, modern
scientists investigating the medicinal properties of the organism are
beginning to produce some fascinating results. There are thousands of
species of mushroom growing in the wild, but most studies have focused
on three main varieties – reishi, maitake and shiitake.
Reishi, otherwise known as ganoderma, has been used in Chinese medicine for 2,000 years and numerous studies have investigated its much-vaunted anti-cancer and immune-boosting properties. In a paper published last year in the US's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) journal,
a team of scientists linked its use to cancer-cell death. The team,
from the Taiwanese research centre Academia Sinica, found that F3
polysaccharides, a type of carbohydrate molecule found in reishi
mushrooms, can induce antibodies to recognise and kill antigens
associated with tumours or cancer cells.
Maitake mushrooms are believed to have similar qualities. In a human trial, conducted by Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Centre in 2009, maitake was shown to stimulate the immune systems of breast cancer patients. Laboratory in vitro research by Sensuke Konno,
associate professor of urology at New York Medical College, found that
non-toxic concentrations of the GD or PL "fractions" found in maitake
mushrooms, when combined with vitamin C, not only reduced growth of
bladder cancer cells by 90% in 72 hours, but were also highly effective
in killing them.
But perhaps the best known of all the medicinal
mushrooms is the shiitake. Not only is it a delicious ingredient, but it
is also famed for its compound lentinan. Several papers have found the polysaccharide could help increase the survival rate of cancer patients, including research carried out by a team of scientists at Harbin University, China, in 2008,
which found that lentinan was "beneficial in terms of increasing mean
survival duration, tumour necrosis and reducing the recurrence rate".
The shiitake extract Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is the second most popular form of alternative medicine used by cancer patients in Japan – Agaricus subrufescens, another mushroom, is the first. A study in 2011 by researchers in Texas found that AHCC may also be effective in protecting the body against viruses and infections, including flu.
Mushrooms for sale at a herbal medicine shop in China. Photograph: Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy
"These mushrooms have attributes you can't synthesise, because the
molecules are often too complex," says medicinal plant expert Chris
Kilham. He considers the immune value of many of these fungi to be
"critically important", and just the tip of the iceberg in terms of the
possible health benefits. He complains that many doctors are still
ignorant of their potential in modern medicine.
But while polysaccharide-K – a protein extract from the trametes versicolor fungus, or turkey tail
– is already being used to boost the immune system of cancer patients
in some countries including Japan, research into all fungi is still in
its infancy and more trials are needed. And before you start making a
shiitake stir-fry one of your five a day, Dr Kat Arney of Cancer Research UK warns against jumping to conclusions based on evidence gathered using laboratory experiments.
The
problem, she explains, is that lots of things can kill cells in a lab,
not just mushroom extracts. Whether it is bleach or leaving the
incubator door open, there may be many reasons for the positive results.
It doesn't mean they are all treatments for cancer.
"When it's
something like food, people get really excited and say: 'Does it mean if
I eat enough of these things, it will have this effect on me?' she
says.
"It doesn't really work that way because you don't know
about the dose, you don't know whether by eating something it's
bio-available – meaning it can get from the inside of your tummy into
your bloodstream and into the tumour in a dose that's actually relevant.
That's the trouble."
Eating too many mushrooms could even damage
your health because of fungi's complex mixture of chemicals. Arney adds:
"When people start eating loads and loads of one thing, it's not
necessarily entirely benign."
Claims by Russian scientists
that the chaga mushroom, a type of fungi that grows on birch trees, can
help treat patients with HIV, should also be approached with caution.
The researchers at the Vector Institute in Siberia stated in 2013 that
the chaga had the potential to be developed into an antiviral medicine
that could protect against the virus, as well as flu and smallpox. But
the UK's National Aids Trust remains sceptical. Yusef Azad, director of
policy and campaigns, says the institute's bold claims could give false
hope and distract from the real issues around HIV.
Of course, a
lot of useful drugs are originally derived from natural products such as
plants – aspirin is the classic example, while the chemotherapy drug
taxol comes from the yew tree. The key thing, Arney says, is to find out
what the useful chemicals are in these fungi. But until extensive
clinical trials are run, the tangible benefits of using medicinal
mushrooms to protect against and treat disease remain unknown. As Arney
says: "Mushrooms are more like a treasure chest that needs to be opened,
rather than the cure for cancer."
-the guardian
